how to reference a thesis rsc

Referencing guide: RSC

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Royal Society of Chemistry referencing style

The RSC style is a numeric system used by authors in all of the Royal Society of Chemistry's publications. This referencing guide is to be used in conjunction with the  Library's General guide to citing and referencing .

You may also find useful:

• Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI) Use this website to find the abbreviated version of a journal title.

EndNote users can format their references using the  Royal Society of Chemistry  style file available in EndNote online/desktop.

Example of references using RSC

• References examples (A-Z)
• Reference list

INITIALS. Author’s Surname,  Book Title , Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not first), Year.

• J. March,  Advanced Organic Chemistry , Wiley, New York, 3rd edn., 1985.

- When a book has editors instead of authors:

Title, ed. INITIALS. Editor’s surname, Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not the first), Year.

• CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , ed. W. M. Haynes and D. R. Lide, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 92nd edn., 2011.

- When a book is usually known by its title (no authors/editors):

Book Title , Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not first), Year.

• British National Formulary: BNF 62 , BMJ/Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2011

Chapter in edited book

INITIALS. Author’s Surname, in  Book Title , ed. Editor Name(s), Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not first), Year, Chapter, Pages.

• J. Barker, in  Catalyst Deactivation , ed. D. Belmon and C. Froment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2nd edn., 1987, vol. 1, ch. 4, pp. 253-255.

Note : The 'ed.' in the example above stands for 'edited by' - this remains the same even if there are several editors. If the book has no editors this can be left out.

Conference paper

- If the conference proceedings have a named editor, use the same format as a chapter in an edited book:

INITIALS. Author of paper's Surname, in  Proceedings Title , ed. INITIALS. Editor's Surname, Publisher, Place of Publication, Year, Pages.

• S. Pullen, in  Proceedings of the International Conference in Sustainability in Energy and Buildings (SEB'09) , ed. R. J. Howlett, L. C. Jain and S. H. Lee, Springer, Brighton and Hove, 2009, pp. 325-337.

- For published conference proceedings that don't have a named editor, use the same format as a book:

INITIALS. Author of paper's Surname,  Proceedings Title , Publisher, Place of Publication, Year.

• H. C. Freeman,  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Coordination Chemistry , Toulouse, 1980.

- For material presented at a meeting, congress or before a Society, etc., but  not published , the following form is used:

INITIALS. Name, presented in part at Conference Title, Place, Month, Year.

• A. R. Jones, presented in part at the 28th Congress of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vancouver, August, 1981.

Journal article

Give an abbreviated version of the journal title following the recommendations given in the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI):  http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp . If you cannot find a recognised abbreviation for a journal, use its full title instead.

INITIALS. Author's Surname,  Journal Title (abbr),  Year,  Volume , Pages.

• M. Li, W. Zhu, F. Marken and T. D. James,  Chem. Commun ., 2015,  51 , 14562-14573.

- When page numbers are not yet known, articles should be cited by DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

• T. J. Hebden, R. R. Schrock, M. K. Takase and P. Müller,  Chem. Commun. , 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2CC17634C.

- For material accepted for publication, but not yet published, the following form is used:

• A. R. Jones,  Angew. Chem. , in press.

- For material submitted for publication but not yet accepted, the following form is used:

• A. R. Jones,  Angew. Chem. , submitted.

Lecture notes

INITIALS. Lecturer's Surname,  Unit name/Unit code/lecture title,  Institution, unpublished, Year.

• A. Smith, Organic Chemistry CH12345 , University of Bath, unpublished, 2019.

Please note that the format for lecture notes has been adapted for RSC style by the University of Bath Library.

Patent country (abbr) , Patent number, Year.

• Ger. Pat.,  DE202014005037U1, 2014.
• Eur. Pat.,  EP3399008A1, 2018.
• US Pat.,  US2018306685-A1, 2018.

Please note that the format for patents has been adapted to match the output style in EndNote.

INITIALS, Author's Surname,  Title , Department/Division Report Number, Publisher, Place of Publication, Year.

• R. A. Allen, D. B. Smith and J. E. Hiscott,  Radioisotope Data , UKAEA Research Group Report AERE-R 2938, H.M.S.O., London, 1961.
• D. Li and K. P. Shine,  A 4-Dimensional Ozone Climatology for UGAMP Models , UGAMP Internal Report No 35, Reading University, Reading, 1995.

Creator, Software Name (version), Publisher, Place of Publication, Year.

• T. Bellander, M. Lewne and B. Brunekreef, GAUSSIAN 3 (revision B.05), Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 2003.

Thesis/Dissertation

INITIALS. Author's Surname, Designation type, Name of Institution, Year.

• A. D. Mount, PhD Thesis, University of London, 1977.
• A. McMillen, MBA Dissertation, University of Bath, 2010.

Unpublished material

For personal communications, the following is used:

• G. B. Ball, personal communication.

For material that has yet to be submitted for publication:

• G. B. Ball, unpublished work.

References to unpublished work should not be made without the permission of those by whom the work was performed.

Title of webpage, URL, (date accessed).

• The Merck Index Online, https://www.rsc.org/merck-index, (accessed October 2018).
• Combined Chemical Dictionary, http://ccd.chemnetbase.com/, (accessed October 2018).
• CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, http://hbcponline.com/, (accessed October 2018).

Note : Online equivalents of printed books and journal articles are referenced as if they were print books/articles (look for page numbers).

RSC is a numeric style , where citations are given within the text as superscripted. 1 In-text numbers are matched to an entry in the Reference List. Usually the citation should appear at the end of the sentence (after the punctuation), but can be after the relevant word or compound. For example:

Elemental hydrogen is rarely found on earth as it is light enough to avoid gravity and move into space. It is predominantly found bonded to other elements e.g. in water and hydrocarbons. 1

  1.  A. Burrows, J. Holman, A. Parsons, G. Pilling and G. Price, Chemistry³ , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2nd edn, 2013.

Once a source has been cited, the same number is re-used for all subsequent citations to the same source. 

Multiple citations

If you have two citations, 1,2 or if you have more and the numbers aren't consecutive, use a comma and no space to separate them. 3,5,7 If you have more than two numbers and they are consecutive, use an en-dash. 8-10

Multiple authors

Authors can be mentioned in the text. If a paper has three or more authors, only give the first one followed by  et al.   For example: 

Smith and Jones used this method for the first time. 2   Plata  et al.  determined that... 3

Make sure to cite all authors in your reference list .

At the end of your document, list all the source that you have cited in your reference list. The names and initials of  all authors  are always given in the reference list, and must not be replaced by the phrase  et al .

Reference list example

The references are listed in numerical order, according to the order of citations in the text, not alphabetically.

• A. Burrows, J. Holman, A. Parsons, G. Pilling and G. Price, Chemistry³ , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2nd edn, 2013.
• A. Corma and H. Garcia, Chem. Rev. , 2003, 103 , 4307-4366.
• On This Day in Chemistry, http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/chemistry-calendar, (accessed 09 November 2017).
• The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials , ed. A. L. Lucia and O. J. Rojas, John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 2009.
• A. C. O’Sullivan, Cellulose , 1997, 4 , 173–207.
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Chemistry: Citing references

• Key resources
• EndNote/Mendeley
• Academic skills support

Whenever you refer to another person's work in your own essay, dissertation or article you must acknowledge them and give full details of your source. You risk being accused of plagiarism if you fail to do so. See the video on Avoiding unintentional plagiarism (below) for tips on using sources in your work and avoiding poor academic practice.

Which referencing style should I use?

The Chemistry Department usually requires students to follow the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) referencing style .  Consult the guidance below to discover how to create correct references in this style. 

For further help with formatting your references consult your Academic Liaison Librarian, Jackie Skinner. Email, come to the weekly drop-in, or make an appointment.

How should I use references in my work?

If you are unsure about using references in your work, and whether to use quotes or paraphrase, take a look at this guide:

• Using quotes and paraphrases

For further help on using references in your work make an appointment with one of our Study Advisers:

• Make an appointment with a Study Adviser

RSC referencing

The Chemistry department usually require students to use the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) style which is a numbered referencing style. There are brief examples of how to reference the most common types of sources below. See also the link below to the RSC's own guide to referencing:

• How to reference using the RSC style A guide produced by the Royal Society of Chemistry on using their referencing style.

In-text citations - RSC style

• Multiple citations
• Creating superscript text

In-text citations are given using a superscript numeral i.e. Atkins. 1   This is the same for all types of source.

Your citations should be numbered consecutively in the order they are used in the text. If you cite the same source more than once, you should use the same number each time.

Citations can either be placed directly after a word or at the end of a sentence, but should be placed after punctuation i.e. after a comma or full stop.

Here is a short example:

Despite some difficulties, 1 this method was proven to be effective. 2

Author(s) can be mentioned at their first citation in the text, but this isn't essential. Just use their surnames - no initials. For papers with one or two authors simply mention their names. For those with three or more authors just mention the first one followed by et al. Examples:

Chen and Qi used this method for the first time. 3

Zanka et al. used proton-nuclear magnetic resonance to characterise source fingerprints and ageing processes. 4

Any figures or images you use from other papers should also include a numerical citation in the caption. These numbers must be part of the sequence you use through the text, and have a full reference in the bibliography at the end.

If you have multiple citations for a piece of information you should list them all.

If you are citing three or more sources at once and the numbers are consecutive, you can separate the first and last sources using a dash i.e.  1–7 .

If they are not consecutive or you are citing two sources, you should separate them with commas (no spaces) i.e.  1,5,12  or 7,8 .

You can also use a combination of both such as  1,3,5–9 .

Here is a typical example:

Such reactions are often rationalised using empirical reactivity rules derived from resonance theory, 5  or calculated properties such as FMOs, 6,7  and electrostatic potentials. 16–19 

Extract from: J. J. Brown and S.L. Cockroft,  Chem. Sci. , 2013,  4 , 1772-1780.

You can find instructions on creating both superscript and subscript (i.e. H 2 O) text in Microsoft Office applications via this link:

• Creating superscript text in Word

References - RSC style

• Books & chapters
• Journal articles
• Images, tables, diagrams

At the end of your work, you will need to produce a reference list. This will include full details of all sources you have cited (used) in your text.

• List your sources numerically in the order you referred to them in your work - not in alphabetical order.
• All authors must be individually listed for each source, in the format initials followed by surname e.g. R. R. Schrock. You must not use et al. in a reference . If there are two authors, put 'and' between them e.g. T.J. Hebden and Q. Li. If there are more than two, list them all with commas between each and 'and' before the last one.
• You do not need to include the titles of a journal articles in your references.
• Journal titles should be written using an abbreviated form (see the 'Journal articles' tab for further information on the form to use).

Guidance on citing the most common types of publication is available via the tabs in this box. For other types of publication see the RSC guide:

Books with a single author  should be referenced as:

Author name, Title , Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not the first), year.

P. W. Atkins, Chemistry: a Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.

Note that every significant word in the title is given an initial capital letter.

Books with multiple authors  should be referenced as:

 Author names,  Title , Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not the first), year.

C. E. Housecroft and A. G. Sharpe,  Inorganic Chemistry , Pearson, Harlow, 5th edn., 2018. 

Chapters in edited books should be referenced as:

Chapter Author, in  Title of book , ed. Book Editor(s), Publisher, Place of publication, Edition (if not the first), year, chapter number, pages.

M. J. White, in  Chemical Information for Chemists: A Primer , ed. J. N. Currano and D. L. Roth, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, 2014, ch. 3, pp.53-90.

Note that 'ed.' to indicate an edited book remains ed. not eds. where there are multiple editors.

Journal articles (online and in print) should be referenced as:

Authors, Abbreviated Journal Title (in italics) , year, volume number (in bold) , page numbers.

A. K. Gayen, R. Singla and S. Ramakrishnan, Chem. Commun., 2024, 60 , 1534-1545.

Note: when using the RSC style, you do not need to include the title of the article.

If there are no page numbers include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead. This may be the case for articles which have been published online but are not yet available in print.

J. Frau and D. Glossman-Mitnik,  Chem. Cent. J. , 2017,  11 , DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0239-7.

Search the following database to find the correct abbreviations for journal titles:

• Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI)

If you can't find the journal you want to cite in this list have a look at other titles containing the same words to see how they have been abbreviated and construct a sensible abbreviation. If this isn't possible then cite the full journal title.

Websites should be referenced as:

Name of resource, URL, [month and year you accessed the resource].

ChemSpider, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4886482.html, (accessed May 2022).

Patent  references are very short! Include the following:

Country code, patent number, and the date of the patent.

Br. Pat., GB2548342, 2016. US Pat., 5 057 555, 1991.

Any images, tables or diagrams that are reproduced from another source should be numerically referenced in the figure caption. Numbering should fit in with the existing citations. For example:

Figure 1: Electrooxidation of (a) dopamine, (b) ascorbic acid and (c) cholesterol biomolecules. 5

Reference list

5. N. Thakur, D. Gupta, D. Mandal and T. C. Nagaiah, Chem. Commun ., 2021, 57 , 13084-13113.

Reference management tools

Consider using EndNote or Mendeley to manage your references. See the EndNote/Mendeley page in this guide:

• Guidance on using EndNote and Mendeley

Avoiding unintentional plagiarism video

If you are unable to view this video on YouTube it is also available on YuJa - view the Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism video on YuJa (University username and password required)

Your Chemistry librarian

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Referencing: RSC

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Royal Society of Chemistry referencing style

Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)  is a 'numeric' referencing style

It comprises:

• In-text citations to sources using superscript numbers; and
• A numbered reference list providing full details of the sources at the end of the document.

RSC style is available from EndNote desktop and EndNote online. 

Online guide to Royal Society of Chemistry referencing style

• How to reference using the Royal Society of Chemistry style Royal Society of Chemistry guide to using their style.
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Royal Society of Chemistry referencing

The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) style of referencing is used by all students in the  Chemistry department.

• RSC referencing guide

Why reference?

One of the purposes of referencing is to enable others to find the information that you have used in your assignment.  

Also, not referencing the work of others in your assignments is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is a form of academic misconduct.

See the  Academic Integrity page for more information.

There is lots of information on how to avoid plagiarism in the Skills Online tutorial on Moodle and the Academic Study Skills videos playlist on YouTube

The RSC referencing style

RSC referencing is expected for our Chemistry students and important to get right. But it doesn’t have to be complicated and we’re here to help.

You can find guidance on how to reference using the Royal Society of Chemistry style on the RSC website

You can also use EndNote referencing management software to help format your references correctly.

Your tutors in the Chemistry Department are also experts on RSC referencing.

For help from librarians  please email [email protected] and we will get back to you.

Postgraduate students and researchers

If you are a postgraduate in the Faculty of Science and Engineering, we recommend you speak to your supervisor about which referencing style to use. If you are preparing a publication, have a look at which referencing style the journal or publisher expects you to use.

Organise your references

Cite Them Right Harvard

Most courses at Manchester Met use Cite Them Right Harvard

Video guide

This video will take you through the principles of referencing using the RSC-style. You should all have access to the RSC Referencing Guide, which is on the page. And it will be a good idea if you have this with you to guide you during this video.

By the end of this video, you will be able to identify the terminology used when we talk about referencing. You’ll be able to understand why you need to cite and reference and what information you need to include within a reference. Finally, I will show you how to get help with RSC referencing.

When you are referencing using the RSC style, all the in-text referencing is done by using a superscript number. This number is usually entered at the end of a sentence after the full stop, as in the example here. But it can also be used after the relevant word or compound.

Your reference list will be at the end of your work. And this is where you will need to list the full details of all the sources of information that you’ve used. This list will be in numerical order according to the order of your citations in the text. All the names of the authors need to be given in the reference list, rather than just listing the first three authors and then posting et al.

So how does this look in practice? You can see a draft report. I have highlighted where the superscript is inserted in yellow to show that they have been inserted after the full stop or after the relevant word or compound. You can also see that each superscript number in the text corresponds to the reference list.

Here are some key rules about listing your reference.

The references are listed at the end of the main body of the text along with any notes.

They should be listed in numerical order, according to the order of citations in the text.

If you use the same reference more than once the original citation number should still be used.

Pause the video and just have a quick think about why you need to cite and reference. The first reason is to acknowledge the research contribution of others and avoiding plagiarism. If you do not acknowledge the authors, then you are essentially passing off their ideas as your own, which is plagiarism. Plagiarism can be committed accidentally or not. Either way, it is plagiarism. Ensure you acknowledge this author and source by correctly citing and referencing the material you have used. In that it is essential to back up your arguments and statements by citing well researched material.

So, this takes us to our next point, citing well researched material provides evidence for your own statements and arguments in your work by acknowledging other’s people’s work. And using well researched materials you are providing the evidence you need to include in your assessment. It also allows others to locate the material you have used. This is important so your tutors can follow up on the sources you have views and assess the evidence if required. It also demonstrates you have read around the topic. And this shows your tutor the breadth and depth of your reading. Tutors have said that the first thing they do when marking an assignment is to check the reference list. Tutors can immediately evaluate the reliability, authority, and credibility of sources by scanning the reference list and recognise the types of sources you have used in your work. And whether they are academic sources such as books and journal articles, or non-academic sources such as web pages. Citation separates the ideas of others from your own. If you are accurately citing all of the sources you have used, it is clear what statements are your own. And of course, it’s standard academic practice. It’s what you’re expected to do at university.

Now referencing in the text, if you’re citing one author in your work, you put the superscript number at the end of the sentence or phrase relating to that particular idea. You don’t put it at the end of the paragraph. Similarly, with two authors, you would list the authors as in the example on the screen. Heywood and Smith. And put the superscript number at the end of the sentence.

When you are citing three or more authors, you need to put et al in italics after the first author’s name and put the superscript number at the end of the sentence.

Have a think about what elements you would put in your reference list if you have referenced a book. So the information you need to include is the author, the title of the book, the year of publication, the place of publication such as Oxford, the publisher such as Oxford University Press, and the edition statement if necessary.

Here’s another quick activity for you. Put this book reference in the right order. Have a look at this reference and decide what order it needs to go in.

The correct answer is 2,5,4,1,6,3. So the reference would read A Burrows, Chemistry 3, introducing inorganic organic and physical chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, third edition, 2017. And always remember if the edition isn’t listed or it’s a first edition. you don’t need to include it.

It is worth focusing on how to add journals to your reference list. Note that the volume number is in bold and you usually have to abbreviate journal titles using the Chemical Abstracts service source index. Remember journals articles can have 1 page or many pages you include the page number or page number range and always remember if you use the same journal article as a reference more that once, the original citation number should still be used.

Here is an example of a reference list. So you can say your reference list shows your tutor the wide range of sources that had been consulted whilst doing your assignment. This shows that you haven’t limited yourself to one particular source. So we have a book , two authors of a book, a journal article (note that is shows the page range).  And finally, a webpage. Please remember to add when you access the website so that if the website gets removed or changed, the tutor will know when you have accessed it.

If you need more help with RSC referencing. There is a link to the RSC website on the chemistry subject guide on the library website. Now if you have any questions, please e-mail [email protected]   Please make sure you include your course name and student number within your email. And someone will get back to you within one working day. Thank you for watching and please keep in touch with us.

Royal Society of Chemistry referencing

Reference list

A reference list is a list of all the material that you have referred to in your work

The reference list is arranged in numerical order, accoriding to the order of citations in your work.

The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) referencing style is used in all RSC journals.

Referencing in the RSC style is two part process:

• Footnote number When you want to cite a source in your work, place a number at the end of the sentence (after the punctuation) written in superscript (e.g.: Plata et al. used HPLC to determine the carbohydrates present during a Saccharomyces fermentation. 7 ) This number refers to a reference in your reference list.
• Reference list A list of references you have referred to, listed in numerical order, determined by the footnote number in your work.

Royal Society of Chemistry Guides

The guide "How to reference in the Royal Society of Chemistry style" is available from the Royal Society of Chemistry. Click on ‘download’ to save the guide as a PDF.

A full guide, "In Journal author & reviewer gudielines", is also available for anyone who will be publishing with the Royal Society of Chemistry Journals.

Journals, books & databases

• Author & reviewer hub
• Author guidelines & information
• Prepare your article
• Experimental reporting requirements

Experimental details and characterisation required for journal articles

Guidance on reporting experimental procedures and compound characterisation

We believe that where possible, all data associated with the research in a manuscript should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR), enabling other researchers to replicate and build on that research. We strongly encourage authors to deposit the data underpinning their research in appropriate repositories and make it as openly accessible as possible.

For all submissions to our journals, any data required to understand and verify the research in an article must be made available on submission. To comply, we suggest authors deposit their data in an appropriate repository. Where this isn’t possible, we ask authors to include the data as part of the article Supplementary Information. If necessary data are not made available, authors may be requested to provide these as part of the peer-review process, or in light of any post-publication concerns.

Please see our Data sharing guidance and policy for more details on specific data types and recommended repositories.

Some journals may also have additional subject requirements for both sharing and/or publishing supporting data, so please ensure you check the journal-specific guidelines.

On this page

General guidance, presentation of experimental data, post-acquisition processing of data.

• Data citation

Human and animal welfare

Biomolecules, characterisation of compounds and materials, computational studies and modelling, electrophoretic gels and blots, fluorescence sensors, inorganic and organometallic compounds, macromolecular structure and sequence data.

• Magnetic measurements 

Nanomaterials

Organic compounds, polymers and macromolecules, synthetic procedures, system models, x-ray crystallography, view all guidelines for preparing and formatting your article.

Please note, these guidelines are relevant to all of our journals. Make sure that you check your chosen journal’s web pages for specific guidelines too.

These experimental reporting requirements apply to both new compounds and known compounds prepared by a new or modified method.

It is the authors’ responsibility to provide descriptions of the experiments in enough detail to enable other skilled researchers to accurately reproduce the work.

Experimental procedures, compound characterization data, research materials necessary to enable the reproduction of an experiment and references to the associated literature should be provided in the experimental section of the manuscript.

Standard techniques and methods used throughout the work should be stated at the beginning of the experimental section; descriptions of these are not needed.

For known compounds synthesised via a literature procedure, authors should provide a reference to previously published characterization data.

Sources of starting materials obtained need not be identified unless the compound is not widely available, or the source is critical for the experimental result. Only non-standard apparatus should be described and commercially available instruments can be referred to by their stock numbers.

The accuracy of primary measurements should be stated. Figures should include error bars where appropriate, and results should be accompanied by an analysis of experimental uncertainty. Care should be taken to report the correct number of significant figures throughout the manuscript.

Any unusual hazards associated with the chemicals, procedures or equipment should be clearly identified.

For studies that involve the use of live animals or human subjects please refer to our Human and Animal Welfare policy .

Please see the sections below for detailed information about how to present specific types of data.

Data associated with particular compounds should be listed after the name of the compound concerned, following the description of its preparation. If comparison is to be made with literature values, these should be quoted in parentheses - for example, mp 157 °C (from chloroform) (lit., 19 156 °C), or ν max /cm -1 2020 and 1592 (lit., 24 2015 and 1600).

The suggested order in which the most commonly encountered data for a new compound should be cited follows:

Melting point

Optical rotation, refractive index, elemental analysis, uv absorptions, ir absorptions.

• NMR spectrum
• Mass spectrum

You can find more information about each of these below:

The following information is a guide to the presentation of experimental data, including appropriate formats for citation.

Yield should be presented in parentheses after the compound name (or its equivalent). Weight and percentage should be separated by a comma – for example, the lactone (7.1 g, 56%).

The melting point should be presented in the form mp 75 °C (from EtOH) - that is, the crystallisation solvent in parentheses. If an identical mixed melting point is to be recorded, the form mp and mixed mp 75 °C is appropriate.

The units should be stated in the preamble to the Experimental section – for example, [ α ] D values are given in 10 −1 deg cm 2 g −1 . This should be shown in the form [α] D 22–22.5 (c 0.95 in EtOH) – that is, concentration and solvent in parentheses.

Given in the form n D 22 1.653.

For the presentation of elemental analyses, both forms (Found: C, 63.1; H, 5.4. C 13 H 13 NO 4 requires C, 63.2; H, 5.3%) and (Found: C, 62.95; H, 5.4. Calc. for C 13 H 13 NO 4 : C, 63.2; H, 5.3%) are acceptable. Analyses are normally quoted to the nearest 0.1%, but a 5 in the second place of decimals is retained.

If a molecular weight is to be included, the appropriate form is: [Found: C, 63.1; H, 5.4%; M (mass spectrum), 352 (or simply M+, 352). C 13 H 13 NO 4 requires C, 63.2; H, 5.3%; M, 352].

We encourage authors to provide instrumental details and the chromatograms of the performed measurements in the Supplementary Information where possible.

These should be given in the form λmax(EtOH)/nm 228 (ε/dm 3  mol -1  cm -1  40 900), 262 (19 200) and 302 (11 500). Inflections and shoulders are specified as 228infl or 262sh. Alternatively the following form may be used: λmax (EtOH)/nm 228, 262 and 302 (ε/dm 3  mol -1  cm -1  40 900, 19 200 and 11 500); log ε may be quoted instead of ε.

IR absorption should be presented as follows: ν max /cm -1  3460 and 3330 (NH), 2200 (conj. CN), 1650 (CO) and 1620 (CN). The type of signal (s, w, vs, br) can be indicated by appended letters (for example 1760vs).

For all NMR spectra δ values should be used, with the nucleus indicated by subscript if necessary (for example, δ H , δ C ). A statement specifying the units of the coupling constants should be given in the preamble to the Experimental section – for example,  J  values are given in Hz. Instrument frequency, solvent, and standard should be specified. For example: δ H (100 MHz; CDCl3; Me4Si) 2.3 (3 H, s, Me), 2.5 (3 H, s, COMe), 3.16 (3 H, s, NMe) and 7.3–7.6 (5 H, m, Ph).

A broad signal may be denoted by br, such as 2.43 (1 H, br s, NH). Order of citation in parentheses: (i) number of equivalent nuclei (by integration), (ii) multiplicity (s, d, t, q), (iii) coupling constant – for example,  J 1,2  2,  J A B 4, (iv) assignment; italicisation can be used to specify the nuclei concerned (for example, CH3CH2). The proton attached to C-6 may be designated C(6)H or 6-H; the methyl attached to C-6, 6-Me or C(6)Me.

Mutually coupled protons in  1 H NMR spectra should be quoted with precisely matching J values, in order to assist thorough interpretation. In instances of any ambiguities when taking readings from computer printouts, mean  J  values should be quoted, rounded to the nearest decimal point.

Mass spectrometry data

Mass spectrometry data should be given in the form:  m/z  183 (M + , 41%), 168 (38), 154 (9), 138 (31) etc. The molecular ion may be specified as shown if desired. Relative intensities should be shown in parentheses (% only included once). Other assignments may be included in the form  m/z  152 (33, M − CH 3 CONH 2 ). Metastable peaks may be listed as: M* 160 (189→174), 147 (176→161), etc. The type of spectrum (field desorption, electron impact, etc.) should be indicated. Exact masses quoted for identification purposes should be accurate to within 5 ppm (EI and CI) or 10 ppm (FAB or LSIMS).

Authors might be asked during peer review to provide the original unprocessed data to the editors/reviewers of the journal.

All image acquisition and processing tools (including their settings) should be clearly stated in the manuscript. The amount of post-acquisition processing of data should be kept to a minimum. Any type of alteration such as image processing, cropping and groupings should be clearly stated in the figure caption and the Supplementary Information (SI) - clearly describing the process of alteration. Data manipulation (for example, normalisation or handling of missing values) should be noted.

Image processing changes should be applied to the entire image as well as all other images it is compared to. Processed images should still represent all the original data (with no data missing) and touch-up tools should be avoided.

Genuine and relevant signals in spectra should not be lost due to image enhancement.

Microscopy images of cells from multiple fields should not be compared but shown as single images (at least as part of the deposited data or in the SI).

Data Citation

For author-generated datasets that are directly associated with the article, we encourage authors to add data citations as bibliographic references within the article and the Data Availability Statement (DAS). Within the DAS, the citation should be given alongside information on datasets associated with the study and where to find them.

For datasets associated with previous studies, we encourage authors to add data citations as bibliographic references within the main text as they are mentioned. Data citation is encouraged as an alternative to informal references or mentions of local identifiers.

Suggested reference format for data citations:

[A. Name, B. Name and C. Name], [Name of repository / type of dataset], [Deposition number], [Year], [DOI, or URL if not available, of the dataset].

An example:

P. Cui, D. P. McMahon, P. R. Spackman, B. M. Alston, M. A. Little, G. M. Day and A. I. Cooper, 2019, CCDC Experimental Crystal Structure Determination: 1915306, DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc22912j

Please also refer to the guidelines from the relevant repository on which information to provide in a citation.

When a study involves the use of live animal subjects, authors should adhere to the Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) 2.0 guidelines. When a study involves the use of human subjects, authors should adhere to the general principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki .

Authors must include in the "methods/experimental" section of the manuscript a statement that all experiments were performed in compliance with the relevant guidelines. The statement must name the institutional/local ethics committee that has approved the study, and where possible the approval or case number should be provided.

Details of all guidelines followed should be provided. A statement regarding informed consent is required for all studies involving human subjects. Reviewers may be asked to comment specifically on any cases in which concerns arise.

For studies involving the use of animal subjects, authors are encouraged to make the completed ARRIVE 2.0 checklist available during peer review, for example by sharing it as part of the Supplementary Information (SI) or citing the deposited item.

The journals’ editorial teams reserve the right to request additional information in relation to experiments on vertebrates or higher invertebrates as necessary for the evaluation of the manuscript e.g., in the context of appropriate animal welfare or studies that involve death as an experimental endpoint.

Authors and referees should note the following guidelines for articles reporting electrochemical data and setup of batteries. It is the authors’ responsibility to ensure that the following information is provided in the main manuscript or Supplementary Information as appropriate.

The setup used for electrochemical testing should be clearly specified in the Experimental Information. For example, full or half cells, reference electrode (if used), testing temperature, etc.

When reporting electrochemical performance data, the authors should clearly state how many experimental runs these data are based on. The electrochemical performance value calculations should be clearly explained (including information on using charging or discharging values). All electrochemical data should be reported to an appropriate number of significant figures, along with standard deviation and error bars on graphs.

When reporting electrode performance values , the thickness of the electrode and the mass percentage of all electrode components (active material, additive, binder, etc.), the total mass of the electrode, and the geometric area of the electrode should be provided.

When reporting device-level performance values, the mass percentage of all battery components (active material, additive, binder, casing, current collector, electrolyte, separator, etc.), the total mass of the battery, and the geometric area of the electrode should be reported.

The mass percent and theoretical capacity of the active material should be provided if the theoretical capacity of the studied material is known. The theoretical capacity should be used to calculate C-rate. Alternatively, a rigorous use of A g -1 is recommended.

Pre-cycling and/or first cycle data should be reported.

Calculations of battery capacity should report the capacity obtained (in mAh g -1 ; if appropriate, volumetric values can be added in the unit of mAh cm -3 ) with the cycling rate and at what cycle number this capacity was obtained clearly stated. Average capacities for ≥3 cells with standard deviation are preferred.

It is the authors’ responsibility to provide rigorous evidence for the identity and purity of the biomolecules (for example, enzymes, proteins, DNA/RNA, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides) described.

The identity of the biomolecule should be substantiated by employing at least one appropriate method, which may include one or more of the following:

Mass spectrometry

• Sequencing data (for proteins and oligonucleotides)
• High field 1 H or 13 C NMR

The purity should be established by one or more of the following

• Gel electrophoresis
• Capillary electrophoresis

Sequence verification should also be carried out for nucleic acids in molecular biology, including all mutants; for new protein or gene sequences, the entire sequence should be provided. For organic synthesis involving DNA, RNA oligonucleotides, their derivatives or mimics, purity should be established using HPLC and mass spectrometry as a minimum.

Provide usual organic chemistry analytical requirements for the novel monomer ( see Organic compounds ). However, it is not necessary to provide this level of characterisation for the oligonucleotide into which the novel monomer is incorporated.

Provide sufficient detail to identify the species being used. Specific information on antibodies is essential. Commercial sources and, if new antibodies are generated, full experimental details such as immunogen/phage, species, protocols for mAb-) should be given. We strongly recommend authors use unique Resource Identifiers for model organisms, antibodies, and tools, and publish them with full descriptions.

Present scatter plots of data, sensitivity, and specificity values with confidence intervals and results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. If a marker is already routinely used for that disease, comparison with that marker should be included.

Where the screening of new catalysts is reported, authors should provide a mass balance for all reactions (using, for example, an internal standard in their analysis technique). Recycling efficiencies should be based on reaction rates measurements and not product yield as a function of cycle. It is highly desirable to report the reaction rate for the catalysts as turnover frequency or mass-specific activity or, for heterogeneous catalysts, as surface-specific activity.

It is the responsibility of authors to provide fully convincing evidence for the homogeneity and identity of all compounds whose preparations they describe. Evidence of both purity and identity is required to establish that the properties and constants reported are those of a compound as claimed.

Reviewers will assess the evidence in support of the homogeneity and structure of all new compounds. No hard and fast rules can be laid down to cover all types of compound, but evidence for the unequivocal identification of new compounds should, wherever possible, include good elemental analytical data – an accurate mass measurement of a molecular ion does not provide evidence of purity of a compound and should be accompanied by independent evidence of homogeneity.

Where elemental analytical data cannot be obtained, appropriate evidence that is convincing to an expert in the field may be acceptable. Normally, for diamagnetic compounds this entails, at a minimum, a high resolution mass spectrometry measurement along with assigned 1 H and/or 13 C NMR spectra devoid of visible impurities.

Spectroscopic information necessary for the assignment of structure should be given. How complete this information should be depends upon the circumstances; the structure of a compound obtained from an unusual reaction or isolated from a natural source should be supported by stronger evidence than one that was produced by a standard reaction from a precursor of undisputed structure.

Particular care should be taken in supporting the assignments of stereochemistry (both relative and absolute) of chiral compounds reported, for example by one of the following:

• NMR spectroscopy
• Polarimetry
• Correlation with known compounds of undisputed configuration

In cases where mixtures of isomers are generated (for example, E-Z isomers, enantiomers, diastereoisomers), the constitution of the mixture should usually be established using appropriate analytical techniques (for example, NMR spectroscopy, GC, HPLC) and reported in an unambiguous fashion.

For an asymmetric reaction in which an enantiomeric mixture is prepared, the direct measurement of the enantiomer ratio expressed as the enantiomeric excess (ee) is recommended, and is preferred to less reliable polarimetry methods.

If a compound is new more detailed characterisation will be required. A compound is considered to be new if:

• it has not been prepared before
• it has been prepared before but not adequately purified
• it has been purified but not adequately characterised
• it has been assigned an erroneous composition previously
• it is a natural product isolated or synthesized for the first time

We encourage authors reporting various compounds or compound libraries to apply the FAIR principles and include a summary file of these compounds as part of the submission. This file should be deposited in an appropriate repository or be provided as part of the Supplementary Information, and should adhere to the following:

• format - CSV (*.csv), TSV (*.tsv) or SDF (*.sdf)
• for chemical structures - relevant headers including SMILES , InChI  and InChIKey
• for chemical names - Name and Synonym
• for other comments - such data, metadata, etc

These instructions are based on FAIR chemical structures in the Journal of Cheminformatics (E.L. Schymanski & E.E. Bolton, Journal of Cheminformatics , 2021, 13 , 50).

We recommend that authors follow the guidelines for the nomenclature of new radiolabelled compounds, as laid out in Consensus nomenclature rules for radiopharmaceutical chemistry - setting the record straight (C.H.H., G.A.D. et al., Nuclear Medicine and Biology , 2017, 55 , v – xi).

Authors should provide sufficient information to enable readers to reproduce any computational results. If software was used for calculations and is generally available, it should be properly cited in the references. References to the methods upon which the software is based should also be provided.

Equations, data, geometric parameters/coordinates, or other numerical parameters essential to the reproduction of the computational results (or adequate references when available in the open literature) should be provided. Authors who report the results of electronic structure calculations in relative energies should also include the absolute energies obtained directly from the computational output files. These may be deposited in an appropriate repository and cited, or provided in the Supplementary Information (SI).

We ask that the following information be provided where possible:

• As a minimum, papers reporting QM work should include the atomic coordinates, energies, and number of imaginary frequencies for all computed stationary points
• The level of theory used for computations should be mentioned in the text, and/or in the caption of the first figure that reports the results of those computations
• Where calculations are performed with density functional theory, the integration grid used for the calculations should be specified
• All relevant total energies (potential energies, enthalpies, Gibbs free energies, etc.) should be reported for each computed species. For transition states (TSs), the magnitude of the frequency of the imaginary vibrational mode may also be reported
• For intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations, any shoulders in the IRC plots should be noted. If IRC calculations reveal that a TS corresponded to a reaction pathway different from that suggested by simple animation of its imaginary mode, then the IRC results (plots and details of reactants/products) should be deposited in an appropriate repository and cited
• Where computational work is included as part of a synthetic study, full details of any theoretical characterization (for example, computational NMR or VCD) of products and/or important synthetic intermediates should be documented

We also strongly encourage xyz, .mol2 or .pdb files for coordinates to be shared via deposition in an appropriate repository.

It is the responsibility of the authors to provide the raw data for all electrophoretic gel and blot data, ensuring sufficient evidence to support their conclusions.

All Western blot and other electrophoresis data should be supported by the underlying raw images. The image of the full gel and blot, uncropped and unprocessed, should be made available on submission. We suggest authors deposit their data in an appropriate repository. Where this isn’t possible, we ask authors to include the data as part of the Supplementary Information. All samples and controls used for a comparative analysis should be run on the same gel or blot.

When illustrating the result, any cropping or rearrangement of lanes within an image should be stated in the figure legend and with lane boundaries clearly delineated. Alterations should be kept to a minimum required for clarity.

Each image should be appropriately labelled, with the closest molecular mass markers and lanes labelled. All details should be visible; over or underexposed gels and blots are not acceptable. Authors should be able to provide raw data for all replicate experiments upon request.

Studies on fluorescence sensor systems should include titrations covering a full range of analyte concentration, from the absence of analyte to a stoichiometric excess, taking the following factors into account:

• If the analyte shows significant absorption at the excitation or emission frequencies corrections should be carried out for Inner Filter Effects (IFEs). (note: fluorescence probes where the response mechanism is based on the Inner Filter Effect are not suitable for publication in NJC)
• A plateau should be observed at high analyte concentrations for the intensity vs. concentration plot when the sensing mechanism is based on association
• Calculated Limits of Detection (LoD) should be supported by experimental data at similar concentrations
• The intensity vs. concentration relationship should be fitted using suitable software. The Benesi-Hildebrand linearization method for the determination of the association constant should not be used without extensive consideration of the limitations that arise from the method’s assumptions ( see Chemical Society Reviews Tutorial 10.1039/C0CS00062K for further details.)

Plots reporting the Stern-Volmer relationship (I°/I vs. concentration; the same should be valid for its reciprocal I/I°) should show an intercept of 1. Significant variation from this is not acceptable.

The Stern-Volmer relationship should be justified by reference to an appropriate quenching mechanism, e.g. dynamic quenching should show a linear relationship, while static quenching can present an upward curvature for relatively high association constants (see Chemical Society Reviews Tutorial 10.1039/D1CS00422K for further discussion)

The performance of all sensor systems should be compared to the current state-of-the-art sensors for the same analyte, with any differences in requirements (e.g. solvent system) clearly stated; a suitable (and justified) set of interferences should also be tested and discussed.

A new chemical substance (molecule or extended solid) should have a homogeneous composition and structure. Where the compound is molecular, authors should provide data to unequivocally establish its homogeneity, purity and identification as described above.

In general, this should include elemental analyses or a justification for the omission of this data.

This is particularly important for NMR silent paramagnetic compounds where NMR data tends to be less useful in establishing purity. In some instances an assigned 1 H NMR spectrum of a paramagnetic compound that is demonstrably devoid of impurities may be acceptable.

It may be possible to substitute elemental analyses with high-resolution mass spectrometric molecular weights. This is appropriate, for example, with trivial derivatives of thoroughly characterised substances or routine synthetic intermediates. In all cases, relevant spectroscopic data (NMR, IR, UV-vis, etc.) should be provided in tabulated form or as reproduced spectra. These may be deposited in an appropriate repository and cited, or provided in the Supplementary Information (SI). However, it should be noted that, in general, mass spectrometric and spectroscopic data do not constitute proof of purity, and, in the absence of elemental analyses, additional evidence of purity should be provided (melting points, PXRD data, etc.).

Where the compound is an extended solid, it is important to unequivocally establish the chemical structure and bulk composition. Single crystal X-ray diffraction does not determine the bulk structure. Reviewers will normally look to see evidence of bulk homogeneity. A fully indexed powder diffraction pattern that agrees with single crystal data may be used as evidence of a bulk homogeneous structure, and chemical analysis may be used to establish purity and homogeneous composition.

Detailed information on the reporting requirements for X-ray crystallography, including small molecule single crystal data and powder diffraction data is available in the section on X-ray crystallography.

Novel macromolecular structures and newly reported nucleic acid or protein sequences and microarray data should be deposited in appropriate repositories. It is the responsibility of the authors to provide relevant accession numbers prior to publication.

A Data Availability Statement with suitable links to the deposited data should be included. Please see our Data Sharing policy for more details. For high-throughput studies, we encourage authors to refer to Minimum Information Standards as determined and maintained by the relevant communities. For further details see:

• Minimum information standard - Wikipedia
• Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations - FAIRsharing Information Resource

The following should be supplied for macromolecular X-ray structures:

• R merge , completeness, multiplicity and I /sigma(I) - both overall and in the outer resolution shell - for data, and
• R cryst , R free and the bond and angle deviations for coordinates
• a Ramachandran plot, and preferably
• real space R -factor

For NMR structures equivalent data plus resonance assignments should be supplied - number of restraints (NOEs and  J -couplings), RMS restraint deviation, etc, plus resonance assignments should be supplied.

All the above information should be included as summary data tables in the manuscript or may be deposited in an appropriate repository and cited, or provided in the Supplementary Information.

Magnetic measurements

If data from magnetic measurements are presented, the authors should provide a thorough description of the experimental details pertaining to how the sample was measured. If the data have been corrected for sample or sample holder diamagnetism, the diamagnetic correction term should be provided and the manner in which it was determined should be stated.

Any fit of magnetic data (for example, χ(T), χ(1/T), χT(T), μ(T), M(H), etc.) to an analytical expression should be accompanied by the Hamiltonian from which the analytical expression is derived, the analytical expression itself, and the fitting parameters. If the expression is lengthy, it may be deposited in an appropriate repository and cited, or relegated to the Supplementary Information to conserve space. When an exchange coupling constant (J) is quoted in the abstract, the form of the Hamiltonian should also be included in the abstract.

For nanomaterials (such as quantum dots, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires), it is the authors’ responsibility not only to provide a detailed characterisation of individual components (see Inorganic and organometallic compounds ) but also a comprehensive characterisation of the bulk composition. Characterisation of the bulk sample could require determination of the chemical composition and size distribution over large portions of the sample.

All nanoparticulate materials should have been purified from synthesis by-products and residual parent compounds, ions etc. If they are to be applied in dispersed form (for example, as a nanoparticulate drug carrier), sufficient data on the dispersion state should be provided (for example, by dynamic light scattering, centrifugal analysis, nanoparticle tracking analysis).

SEM or TEM images for hybrid inorganic-organic nanoparticles should be provided in at least three different levels of magnification. Bar scales should be clearly visible. Images may be deposited in an appropriate repository and cited, or provided in the Supplementary Information (SI).

It is the responsibility of the authors to provide unequivocal support for the purity and assigned structure of all compounds using a combination of the following characterisation techniques.

Elemental analysis is recommended to confirm sample purity and corroborate isomeric purity. We encourage authors to provide instrumental details and the chromatograms of the performed measurements in the Supplementary Information where possible. Authors are also requested to provide 1 H, 13 C NMR spectra and/or GC/HPLC traces if satisfactory elemental analysis cannot be obtained.

For libraries of compounds, HPLC traces should be submitted as proof of purity. The determination of enantiomeric excess of nonracemic, chiral substances should be supported with either GC/HPLC traces with retention times for both enantiomers and separation conditions (that is, chiral support, solvent and flow rate) or for Mosher Ester/Chiral Shift Reagent analysis, copies of the spectra.

Important physical properties, for example, boiling or melting point, specific rotation, refractive index, including conditions and a comparison to the literature for known compounds, should be provided. For crystalline compounds, the method used for recrystallisation should also be documented (that is, solvent etc.).

Mass spectra and a complete numerical listing of 1 H, 13 C NMR peaks in support of the assigned structure, including relevant 2D NMR and related experiments (that is, NOE, etc.) are required. As noted in Analytical , authors are requested to provide copies of these spectra. Infrared spectra that support functional group modifications, including other diagnostic assignments, should be included. High-resolution mass spectra are acceptable as proof of the molecular weight providing the purity of the sample has been accurately determined as outlined above.

For all soluble polymers, an estimation of molecular weight should be provided by size exclusion chromatography, including details of columns, eluents and calibration standards, intrinsic viscosity, MALDI TOF, etc. In addition, full NMR characterisation ( 1 H, 13 C) as for organic compound characterisation above.

For Gel Permeation Chromatography, molecular weight (Mw), molecular number (Mn) polydispersity index (PDI), and internal standards used should be specified, and associated images/spectra should be made available on submission. We suggest authors deposit their data in an appropriate repository. Where this isn’t possible, we ask authors to include the data as part of the article Supplementary Information (SI).

These should be described in enough detail so that a skilled researcher is able to repeat them. They should include the specific reagents, products and solvents with all of their amounts (g, mmol, for products: %), as well as clearly stating how the percentage yields are calculated.

• Reaction times, temperature and solvent quantities should be reported
• Reactions requiring heating - provide the heat source
• Reactions conducted using microwave heating - information on the type of vessel used and how the temperature was monitored should be given as well as the temperature reached or maintained
• Light-promoted reactions - report the light source and specific conditions
• Describe purification methods in detail
• GC or HPLC traces should be supported with retention times and separation conditions (support, solvent and flow rate)
• Centrifugation  - includes rotation speed, centrifugation/dialysis time, solution for resuspension, resuspension time and procedure for each centrifugation step

Synthetic procedures should also include all the characterisation data for the prepared compound or material. For a series of related compounds at least one representative procedure that outlines a specific example that is described in the text or in a table and that is representative of the other cases should be provided. For a multistep synthesis, spectra of key compounds and the final product should be included.

Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a computer-readable format for representing models of biochemical reaction networks. SBML is applicable to metabolic networks, cell-signalling pathways, regulatory networks, and many others.

We encourage authors to prepare models of biochemical reaction networks using SBML and to deposit the model in an open database such as the BioModels database  or  MetabolicAtlas .

Include some physical or experimental validation. Studies that screen a molecule against a set of receptors with no link to physical or experimental data are not suitable for publication.

These guidelines provide details for the presentation of single crystal and powder diffraction data; they apply to submissions to any of our journals.

Authors should present their crystal data in a CIF (Crystallographic Information File) format and deposit this with the  Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) before submission. Data will be held in the CCDC's confidential archive until publication of the article, but it will be made accessible to reviewers and the publisher assigned to review the data.

At the point of publication, any deposited data will be made publicly available through the CCDC Access Structures service. In addition, organic and metal-organic structures will be curated into the Cambridge Structural Database, and inorganic structures will be curated into the Inorganic Crystal Structures Database (FIZ Karlsruhe).

Upon deposition, each data set is assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), so that the crystal structure is unambiguously identified and registered.

Include CCDC or ICSD numbers in the manuscript prior to submission as part of a Data Availability Statement . During submission authors will be asked to cite CCDC or ICSD reference numbers; CIFs should not be submitted with the manuscript. Any revised CIFs should be deposited directly with the CCDC before the revised manuscript is submitted to us.

In addition, authors are required to provide a checkCIF report for their reported crystal data. The checkCIF report can be obtained via the  International Union of Crystallography's (IUCr) free checkCIF service , or as part of the CCDC deposition process. Any ‘level A' alerts in the report should be explained in the submission details for the article or an explanation provided within the submitted CIF. Authors should submit the checkCIF reports to the Royal Society of Chemistry along with the manuscript files.

If the editor deems it necessary during the peer-review process, the crystallography associated with the manuscript may undergo specialist crystallographic assessment, in which case a report will be provided along with the other reports from reviewers. Any points raised in this assessment should be attended to and all revised CIFs should be deposited with the CCDC prior to uploading the revised manuscript.

For recommended information to include in your CIF, please see the CCDC CIF Deposition Guidelines.  If SQUEEZE or MASK procedures are used, this should be noted in the CIF file.

We encourage authors to include hkl data in the deposited CIF file. Alternatively authors can submit hkl data and the structure files (.fcf) separately during deposition with the CCDC. Raw data accompanying a structure should be made available by the authors for the review process, on request.

Details of the data collection and CCDC numbers should be given in the Data Availability Statement.

For relevant structures that are published as CSD communications, and that have not appeared in the manuscript or a previous journal publication, details should be included in the Data Availability Statement and the appropriate DOI should be cited as a reference in the manuscript.

Where there is significant discussion about the crystallography, the description may be given in textual or tabular form, although the latter is more appropriate if several structure determinations are being reported in one paper. A table of selected bond lengths and angles, with estimated standard deviations, should be restricted to significant dimensions only. Average values may be given with a range of E.S.D.s for chemically equivalent groups or for similar bonds.

Procedures for data collection and structure analysis can be provided as part of the Supplementary Information. The following data are recommended:

• Chemical formula and formula weight ( M )
• Crystal system
• Unit cell dimensions (Å or pm, degrees) and volume, with estimated standard deviations, temperature
• Space group symbol (if non-standard setting give related standard setting)
• Number of formula units in unit cell ( Z )
• Number of reflections measured and/or number of independent reflections, R int
• Final R values (and whether quoted for all or observed data)
• Flack or Rogers parameter (if appropriate)

For example:

Single crystals of [Pd{C(CO 2 Me)[C(CO 2 Me)C(CO 2 Me)=

C(CO 2 Me)C(CO 2 Me)=C(CO 2 Me)]C 6 H 3 [CH(Me)NH 2 ]-2-NO 2 -5}Br] 4 were recrystallised from dichloromethane, mounted in inert oil and transferred to the cold gas stream of the diffractometer.

Crystal structure determination of complex 4:

Crystal data. C 28 H 31 BrCl 4 N 2 O 14 Pd, M = 947.66, orthorhombic, a = 11.096(1), b  = 17.197(2), c = 19.604(3) Å, U = 3741.0(9) Å 3 , T = 173 K, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 (no.19), Z = 4, 6013 reflections measured, 5665 unique (R int = 0.031), which were used in all calculations. The final wR(F 2 ) was 0.099 (all data).

There may be cases where authors do not wish to include details or extensive discussion of a crystal structure determination. Examples include where only the connectivity has been established, data is marked as low quality at the CCDC, the structure is not integral to the conclusions of the article, or the structure has been discussed in a previous publication. Authors should be mindful of unnecessary fragmentation and the editor’s decision on this will be final.

Authors are encouraged to submit powder diffraction crystallographic data as a CIF (Crystallographic Information File) file to an appropriate repository. Please see the Data Sharing policy for further details. 

Authors should combine multiple data sets for a given manuscript into a single file. The individual structures in the combined file should be separated from each other by the sequence #===END at the beginning of a line.

Authors should identify the manuscript with which the electronic file is associated when they submit the file by entering the name of the manuscript at the top of the electronic file.

The information required for deposition includes the following:

• A table of final fractional atomic coordinates
• Any calculated coordinates (for example, hydrogen)
• A full list of bond lengths and angles with estimated standard deviations
• A full list of displacement parameters in the form B ij   or U ij   (in Å 2 or pm 2 )
• Full details of the refinement
• Profile difference plots for all analyses. Where a range of similar analyses are presented a minimum number of representative plots may be given

Unrefined powder diffraction data should normally be reported only if the data form part of the discussion presented in the paper, and should be restricted to new materials. In such cases, the following experimental details should be provided in either textual or tabular format:

• Diffractometer name and model
• Radiation wavelength (Å)
• Temperature of data collection
• Unit cell dimensions (Å or pm, degrees), if determined

Tables of 2 θ  data, or diagrams showing diffraction patterns of reaction products, should not normally be published in print unless they have some distinct feature of relevance that requires such detail to be present. In most cases, such data may be provided as Supplementary Information (SI).

For cases where the materials are new , but have similar powder data to other well-characterised materials, such data should not usually be included in the paper but can be deposited in an appropriate repository, with the relevant reference number included in a Data Availability Statement, and cited.

For refined powder diffraction data  (where atomic coordinates have been determined), if the procedures for data collection and structure analysis were routine, their description may be concise. When the analysis has not been of a routine nature, the authors should briefly detail the procedures used. In most cases, a table of atomic coordinates may be provided, which should give details of occupancies that are less than unity.

Anisotropic thermal parameters may be included if they form an important aspect of the study. Selected bond lengths and angles, with estimated standard deviations, should be given.

For Rietveld refinements, an observed + calculated + difference profile plot should normally be given for each structure determination, except where a significant number of similar refinements have been carried out. In such cases, only the minimum number of representative plots should be included in the article, with additional plots being deposited in an appropriate repository and cited, or included in the SI.

The following information should be provided:

• Unit cell dimensions (Å or pm, degrees)
• Space group
• Number of formula units in unit cell ( Z ) 
• Number of reflections
• Final R values ( R wp , R exp and R l ) and method of background treatment

Data should still be deposited with the CCDC and the appropriate CCDC reference numbers and DOIs cited.

For information on how to cite crystallographic data in your manuscript, please see the section on Data Citation.

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How to format your references using the RSC Advances citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for RSC Advances. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

• Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

• Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

• Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for RSC Advances.

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

• Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

• News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

• In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript :

• About the journal
• Other styles
• Agricultural Research
• Frontiers in Psychology for Clinical Settings
• International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery

Royal Society of Chemistry Citation Generator

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• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
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• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
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• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Popular Royal Society of Chemistry style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in royal society of chemistry style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a Website in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a website using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

Additional Royal Society of Chemistry style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in royal society of chemistry style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a Court case in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite an Email in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite an email using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite an Interview in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a Song in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a song using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite The Bible in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in Royal Society of Chemistry style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the Royal Society of Chemistry citation style.

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RSC (Royal Society of Chemistry) reference generator

Create a spot-on reference in RSC

What is rsc style.

The acronym RSC stands for Royal Society of Chemistry . The Royal Society of Chemistry is a UK-based learned society involved in the sector of chemical research and specialised in the publication of a number of worldwide-renowned scholarly journals in chemistry.

RSC Style is the referencing style developed by the Royal Society of Chemistry and used by its journals, as well as by other publications and organisations in the chemical science.

What are the particularities of RSC Style?

While sharing many of the common characteristics of referencing styles in the chemical sector, RSC style has a number of specific features.

Summarising, it can be stated that the style often omits titles of works in bibliographic references, which is namely true speaking of journal articles, book sections, patents, etc. Another particular feature is the fact that RSC Style requires omitting URLs in references for any sources except those that exist only in the online form (e.g. a webpage or an online video). Nevertheless, the DOI can be given for the journal article when the volume number and the page range are missing.

There are a number of other tiny nuances that one should be aware of when submitting a paper to the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Also, it is worth noting that the Royal Society of Chemistry has its official Endnote referencing scheme that can be used within this software to create references. Interestingly enough, even these official files contain some errors such as the incorrect spelling of edition numbers for books.

What is the purpose of the RSC reference generator by Grafiati?

The RSC citation generator by Grafiati is destined to be a one-stop site for chemical researchers and enthusiasts to generate easily their bibliographic references in accordance with the requirements of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Our RSC Style reference generator is based on custom-tailored algorithms, is robust, and not only avoids errors but also allows you citing virtually any type of source in accordance with the premises of the RSC referencing style, even if the association’s manual fails to cover the rules for this source type explicitly.

By using our RSC Style citation generator, you can create your bibliographies in virtually seconds and convert them into numerous other citation styles in case of need.

A distinctive feature of the RSC generator by Grafiati is the fact that it allows generating references in RSC Style in 8 languages, and not only in English. This means that, being a chemical researcher in a non-English-speaking country, you can still conveniently use the RSC referencing style in your paper or thesis. This broadens the geographic coverage of RSC Style and allows students and tutors around the globe benefitting from its advantages conveniently.

How to use the RSC Style citation generator by Grafiati?

In order to start using our RSC Style generator, visit our homepage , select RSC from the list of available citation styles and add a reference by either inputting the metadata of a source manually or finding it in our vast catalogues.

Tip: you can also use the widget on the top of this page to start adding your RSC references.

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University of St Andrews

Referencing styles.

• Author Rules
• Referencing a Book
• Referencing a Chapter in an Edited Book
• Referencing a Journal Article
• Referencing a Webpage
• APA - for module ID4001
• Sample Reference list - APA style
• Referencing translated works
• Referencing a Lecture / Presentation
• Sample Bibliography - Chicago Notes and Bibliography Style
• Referencing a chapter in an edited book
• Translated works
• Referencing a journal article
• Referencing a webpage
• Sample Reference List - Chicago (Author Date) style
• Sample Reference List - Harvard
• Harvard Endnote style
• Referencing a book
• JRAI Style on Endnote
• Sample Reference List in JRAI Style
• Sample Reference List in MHRA Author Date Style
• Sample Works Cited list in MLA style
• Sample Reference list for RSC Style
• Referencing an image
• Sample Reference List in Vancouver Style
• Vancouver endnote style
• Referencing something mentioned in another source (Secondary Referencing)

How to reference a book

• Format of a chapter reference
• Print book chapter example
• Ebook chapter example

You reference chapters in edited books in the same way regardless of format.  Examples are given for print and ebooks just to illustrate this.  Where an ebook doesn't give page numbers, but the chapter has a doi (digital object identifier) this can be used in place of the page numbers.

The reference list entry for a chapter in an edited book should contain:

• In-text reference number
• Author information for the chapter, in the format of Initial(s). Surname with all authors of the chapter listed in the order they are given, followed by in
• Title of the book  (italicised)
• Followed by ed. Initial(s). Surname of the editor(s) 
• Place of Publication
• The abbreviation ch. for chapter, and the chapter number
• Page range.

All components are followed by a comma, except for the page range which is followed by a full-stop.

(3) Initial. Surname, in  Book title , ed. Initial. Surname, Publisher, Place, Year, ch. no, pp. x-xx.

(3) G.W. Daughdrill, in  Instrumental Analysis of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins , ed. V.N. Uversky and S. Longhi,  Wiley, Hoboken, 2010, ch. 5, pp.107-129.

(4) S. Schultz, S.  Goring, B. Schmidt and C. Hoft, in  Emerging Drugs and Targets for Parkinson's Disease , ed. A. Martinez and C. Gil, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2014, ch. 11, pp. 266-293.

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ROYAL-SOCIETY-OF-CHEMISTRY Citation Generator

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
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MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

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Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

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Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!

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Answered By: Sheldon Korpet Last Updated: Jun 26, 2020     Views: 36

Reference elements

Initial/s Author/s surname/s,  Title of book  ( in italics ), Publisher, Place of publication, Edition if applicable, year.

Example reference

P. M. S. Monk and L. J. Munro,  Maths for chemistry: a chemist’s toolkit of calculations , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2 nd  edn, 2010.

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RSC Advances

Synergistic effect of modified anhydrous magnesium carbonate and hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene on flame retardancy of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.

* Corresponding authors

a School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China E-mail: [email protected]

b Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) is widely used in various applications; however, its flammability limits its application in wire and cable industries. In this study, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) was successfully grafted onto the surface of anhydrous magnesium carbonate (AMC) by alkali activation treatment. The KH570 modified AMC (AMC@KH570) was then introduced into the EVA matrix along with hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) to assess their effects on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EVA composites. The results illustrate a significant synergistic effect in enhancing the flame retardancy of EVA composites by using AMC@KH570 and HPCTP, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL-94) of EVA filled with 5 wt% HPCTP and 45 wt% AMC@KH570 (mAMC/H-45-5) reached 27.6% and V-0, respectively. The flame retardant mechanism was investigated by thermogravimetric/infrared (TG-IR) spectroscopy and residual carbon composition analysis. The results show that the thermal decomposition of AMC@KH570 and HPCTP consists of gas dilution, free radical quenching, and catalytic carbonization. Furthermore, KH570 works as a bridge to improve the compatibility of AMC and EVA matrix, which offsets the mechanical loss of EVA to some extent. The present research provides a new path to modify AMC and fabricate EVA composites with excellent flame retardant properties.

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Y. Liu, S. Xu, Q. Chen, J. Xu and B. Sun, RSC Adv. , 2024,  14 , 15143 DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01669F

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence . You can use material from this article in other publications, without requesting further permission from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given and it is not used for commercial purposes.

To request permission to reproduce material from this article in a commercial publication , please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

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