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Optometry and Vision Sciences - Theses

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• Item No Preview Available Investigating Diagnostic and Drug Efficacy Retinal Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease Tran, Katie Khanh Ngoc ( 2023-08 ) Given the eye is an embryological outpouching of the brain, there is growing interest in the characterisation of retinal biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease to better facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies report a number of visual symptoms in people living with Parkinson's disease (PD), lending evidence to support the need to prioritise non-motor manifestations of PD, given that some precede the onset of motor decline by years if not decades. The retina offers a unique opportunity to directly visualise structural and functional changes in neurons that occur with PD pathogenesis. The development of non-invasive and relatively inexpensive retinal assessment modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) has enabled clinicians and researchers to assess these in vivo changes in people living with PD and in animal models of PD. However, the pathological mechanisms underlying visual and retinal dysfunction in PD remain incompletely understood. The overarching aim of this thesis was to explore and investigate retinal changes in function and structure that occur in people living with PD and a Parkinson’s disease rodent model, and to consider if such in vivo measures are sensitive to acute levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment. Using the A53T transgenic (Tg) mouse model of alpha-synuclein (a-syn) overexpression, we demonstrate that the accumulation of phosphorylated (pSer129) a-syn in outer retinal layers was correlated with cone photoreceptor dysfunction and degeneration. We speculate that this association between pSer129 a-syn and dysfunction may be related to an underlying pathophysiology. Moreover, we show that acute L-DOPA treatment can dynamically ameliorate retinal deficits in function in A53T Tg animals. As a proof of principle in translation, we evaluate changes in retinal function and structure in clinical Parkinson's disease, before and after single doses of L-DOPA following partial washout conditions. While no ameliorative effects were observed post L-DOPA treatment in this pilot study, PD participants had altered cone photoreceptor function and structure compared to age-matched controls, as indicated by poorer colour vision performance, reduced macular visual field sensitivity, and attenuated light-adapted a-wave and b-wave amplitudes. Overall, this body of work deepens our understanding of outer retinal changes in function and structure, driven in part by abnormal a-syn deposition, that occur in Parkinson's disease. Collectively, these findings provide further insight into dopamine and alpha-synuclein interactions in the retina as well as highlighting the utility of outer retinal measures as effective biomarkers for future application to Parkinson’s disease medical research and drug discovery.

• Item No Preview Available Functional and structural adaptations to ageing and acute intraocular pressure elevation in mouse retina Lee, Pei Ying ( 2021 ) In response to stress, neurons undergo a series of adaptations, which include changes to their synapses, dendrites and eventually axons and cell bodies. One might presume that such stress responses help to prevent cell death, providing a window of time where recovery remains possible. As glaucoma is a disease of the ageing, it may be reasonable to suggest that older eyes somehow show poorer adaptations to stress or have reduced intrinsic abilities to detect pressure changes in their environment (e.g., via mechanosensitive channels such as transient receptor potential (TRP) channels), and thus less capacity to recover. Whilst support for these ideas can be gleaned from a range of studies in other systems including the central nervous system, there has been less work in this area in the context of glaucoma. The overarching aim of the thesis is to understand the functional and structural adaptations that occur in normal ageing, and to consider if such age-related changes modify the way that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) cope with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Using the mouse as a platform, it was possible to show that in normal ageing, there was a relative preservation of ganglion cell function despite an age-related decline in outer retinal responses. Age-related inner retinal functional adaptations were associated with increases in bipolar cell sensitivity to light and changes to RGC dendritic complexity. Ageing was also associated with slower recovery from a short period of controlled IOP elevation. IOP elevation resulted in smaller ON RGCs in both young and older mice. Importantly, analysis of RGC morphology showed that better functional recovery in younger eyes was associated with adaptations in OFF RGC dendrites, which was not observed in older eyes. The absence of RGC morphological adaptations following IOP elevation may account for the delayed recovery in older eyes. Furthermore, better ganglion cell functional recovery in younger eyes was also associated with TRPV4 upregulation in the ganglion cell layer. In contrast, there was TRPV4 downregulation in older eyes. Consistent with the importance of TRPV4 upregulation for recovery, inhibiting TRPV4 further worsened recovery in older eyes. This work advances our understanding of age-related functional and structural adaptations, providing insights into how normal function is maintained in ageing, with potential negative impacts on the capacity for RGCs to recover from IOP elevation.

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The Role of Astroglial Connexin43 in Experimental Glaucoma.

Alterations to the structure and function of the retina and choroid in an experimental model of progressive myopia

Structure function correlation of ERG photopic negative response (PhNR) and OCT Buchs Membrane Minimum Rim Width (BMO-MRW) in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

Neural mechanisms of luminance perception.

A Theory of Cortical Map Formation in the Visual Brain

Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) on Retinal Structure, Function, and Pupillary Light Responses

Color Transparency: Geometry, Motion, Color, Scission, and Induction

Objective Assessment of Retinal Ganglion Cell Function in Glaucoma

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and Photosensitivity: Objective Pupillometric Findings

Objective assessment of visual dysfunction in the acquired brain injury (ABI) population using the visual-evoked potential (VEP)

Oculomotor rehabilitation for reading dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury

Functional Properties Shared By Populations of Neighboring Neurons within the Thalamocortical Pathway

Roles of Calcium Signaling and Protein Kinase C Activation in Mediating Receptor Control of Corneal Epithelial Renewal

Differential Roles of Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter Isoforms in Cell Volume Maintenance and Proliferation of Corneal Epithelial Cells

Electronic Text Displays: Reading Rehabilitation of Low Vision Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Optometry and Vision Science Research Guide: Theses and Dissertations

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• Digitization on demand The Library's Resource Sharing department can assist you in accessing University of Waterloo theses that were submitted only in print, and do not circulate outside of the library

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UWSpace is the University of Waterloo's institutional repository for the research and scholarship produced by its faculty, students, and staff. UWSpace contains all theses and dissertations published from October 2006 on, and a subset from 1996 through 2006, when electronic submission was optional. Older theses can be accessed by searching the  library catalogue  by title or author last name. 

• Optometry and vision science collection, UWSpace Browse theses and dissertations from the School of Optometry and Vision Science collection

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• Dissertations and Theses Global Full text of many North American, European, United Kingdom and Ireland graduate students theses and dissertations. Coverage: Indexing 1637-, Full Text 1997-
• Theses Canada Portal Access Canadian electronic and non-digital theses and dissertations. Coverage: index 1965 - present; full text 1998 - present more... less... Theses Canada is a program between Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and nearly 70 universities accredited by Universities Canada. For the full text of recent theses, also check Proquest's "Dissertations and Theses Global." Note: Access Theses Canada Portal is available free to the public How to search Consult the Theses Canada Portal help page for information on searching this site.
• UWSpace UWSpace is the University of Waterloo's institutional repository for the research and scholarship produced by its faculty, students, and staff. Coverage: mid 1990s - present more... less... Contains the research outputs of faculty and staff, dissertations, and undergraduate theses of 4th year honours students. This collection also includes a subset of Waterloo theses dated 1998-2002 that were scanned through the Theses Canada program.

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Master's Thesis: A Revolution in Vision Testing: The Ophthalmoscope and American Optometry

2004, A Revolution in Vision Testing: The Ophthalmoscope and American Optometry

Some medical historians and even practitioners ascribe to the perception that technology, now an essential component of medicine, has to some extent contributed to impersonal care and to physicians trusting machinery over their own senses and intuition. Although the ophthalmoscope, invented in the nineteenth century, can represent the historical shift in medicine to scientific, objective methods, it helped modernize European and American ophthalmology and optometry. This instrument, “planted” in this country before the Civil War, elicited various responses as its use widened throughout the medical and paramedical ranks during the Progressive Era. The ophthalmoscope and other precise, noninvasive instruments advanced all aspects of eye care, including vision testing, and provided a scientific method of diagnosing and treating visual problems. Without the ophthalmoscope, optometrists would not have been able to defend before doubters their ability to handle the objective portion of vision testing and deliver the best care they knew how to give. Using Progressive Era-inspired rhetoric and organizational techniques, optometrists sought to win both the public’s and the medical community’s trust in order to be able to test vision and refer patients to physicians. These accomplishments legitimized and enriched the profession, preventing it from either being absorbed by ophthalmology or declining into a trade. This essay describes how the use of the ophthalmoscope prevailed and ultimately contributed to the growing acceptance of optometry as a professional specialization in eye care by both the public and the medical community especially during the Progressive Era, a pivotal time in the United States. It could be said that the use of the ophthalmoscope and a few other diagnostic instruments was a litmus test for the acceptance of truly modern, professional methods in the realm of eye care, and it ultimately did not contribute to a “dehumanized” vision test.

Related Papers

Controlled Clinical Trials

Wendy Marsh-tootle

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

The provision and funding of low-vision rehabilitation (LVR) are very variable across Canada. Quebec is well served by 14 government-funded rehabilitation centers. In most provinces, there are no such multidisciplinary services-optometrists offer LVR from their offices to a greater or lesser degree or undertake assessments in centers run by CNIB (formerly Canadian National Institute for the Blind). No integrated model for LVR exists across Canada. This document proposes such a model, which focuses on the profession of optometry, but may also be applicable to ophthalmology. This article describes different models of LV provision, the evidence for their relative effectiveness, the current situation in Canada, including the variability between areas and the need to increase referrals to LVR, and the current international consensus for LV provision. With the projected increase in people with LV, a generally accepted LV model for Canada is required to improve patient care. It has become ...

Health Expectations

Jacques Desallais

manish kumar sah

G. Ratnarajan , N. Astbury

Clinical Optometry

Priya Reddy

Ragni Mishra

Aim: To find out non-tolerance to spectacle in a busy community Optometric practice, with single practitioner. Objective: (1) T o the spectacle lenses are not dispensed as prescribed; (2) To estimate the type of spectacle lenses (spherical or spherocylindrical) are more often dispensed inaccurately. Methods: Spectacle non-tolerance was defined practically, as a patient who had collected spectacles from the practice and subsequently returned because they were either having problems with, or were unable to wear, their new spectacles. Patients over 16 years of age, who met the above definition of non-tolerance, were sequentially recruited over a 3 month period. Patients experiencing adaptation problems were first seen by a dispensing optician and any dispensing issues resolved. If the spectacle dispensing was felt to be correct, or if the non-tolerance persisted, then the patient was reexamined by an optometrist and the results analyzed. Results: Non-tolerance examinations accounted for 33 of the 165 (20%) eye examinations during the study period. Gender was not a factor in non-tolerance but age was the factor in non tolerance, presbyopes accounting for 31% and young adult accounting for 27%. The common reasons for non-tolerance were dispensing related (52%), prescription related (48%). Of prescription related errors major problem in over correction of myopia followed by under correction of hyperopia, convergence issue, inaccurate cylindrical axis, problems with the near/intermediate addition and binocular balancing. Conclusions: Spectacle prescription non-tolerance forms a small, but important, form of adverse reaction in optometry clinics. Most non-tolerances can be resolved by small changes, within 0.50 D, to the prescription.

BMC Ophthalmology

Abdulkabir Ayanniyi

Optometry and Vision Science

Stacy Lyons , Nancy Carlson

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1113 Ophthalmology and Optometry'

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Consult the top 19 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic '1113 Ophthalmology and Optometry.'

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Suryakumar, Rajaraman. "Study of the dynamic interactions between vergence and accommodation." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1268.

Balian, Carmen. "Central Visual Field Assessment in Late Stage Glaucoma." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2955.

Sehizadeh, Mina. "Monocular Adaptation of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1247.

Lorentz, Holly. "Lipid Deposition on Hydrogel Contact Lenses." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2963.

Haque, Sameena. "In Vivo Imaging of Corneal Conditions using Optical Coherence Tomography." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2976.

Huston, Amanda K. "Screening of Children Study." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337914539.

Nagapatnam, Subbaraman Lakshman. "Lysozyme Deposition Studies on Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens Materials." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1245.

Rogers, Ronan. "In vitro and ex vivo wettability of hydrogel contact lenses." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2974.

Babu, Raiju Jacob. "A Study of Saccade Dynamics and Adaptation in Athletes and Non Athletes." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1265.

Varikooty, Jalaiah. "Ocular Discomfort Upon Tear Drying." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1239.

Posvar, Winston Blair. "Variation of Ocular Parameters in Young Normal Eyes." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1491991936735843.

Taji, Rana. "The association between two quality of life measures for first time low vision device users." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2975.

Lu, Fenghe. "BIOMECHANICAL ALTERATION OF CORNEAL MORPHOLOGY AFTER CORNEAL REFRACTIVE THERAPY." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2961.

Mathias, Amber R. "The Effect of Bioptic Telescopic Spectacles Use on Sign Identification, Velocity, and Lane Deviation in a Driving Simulator with Central Vision Impairment." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu152303259493087.

Davey, Christopher J. "Referrals from Primary Eye Care: An Investigation into their quality, levels of false positives and psychological effect on patients." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5526.

Davey, Christopher James. "Referrals from primary eye care : an investigation into their quality, levels of false positives and psychological effect on patients." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5526.

Renner, Kimberly. "Academic Performance of Oyler School Students after Receiving Spectacle Correction." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1491593613366446.

McIntire, John Paul. "Investigating the Relationship between Binocular Disparity, Viewer Discomfort, and Depth Task Performance on Stereoscopic 3D Displays." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1400790668.

TRAI, KUO-LIANG, and 蔡國良. "Cooperation and Innovative Service Model forCommunity-based Optometry-facilitated Ophthalmology Diabetic Mellitus Retinopathy Screening." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4aef53.

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Research topics and potential supervisors

We offer research programs for graduates of optometry and other sciences. Research for a Master of Science by Research (MSc) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) can be undertaken in a diverse range of areas and disciplines including clinical optometry, applied research and basic research.  

If you’re interested in pursuing higher degree research with the School of Optometry & Vision Science, then you will need to find a supervisor. SOVS has an excellent range of expertise across seven research groups. Among these are affiliated institutes; the Brien Holden Vision Institute and the Centre for Eye Health. 

Our primary research areas are in anterior segment and contact lenses, posterior segment in health and disease, optics and applied vision, vision science and public health optometry. Take some time to review the research areas and identify who you would like to have as a supervisor. Once you have selected a supervisor, check our admission requirements and submit an expression of interest.

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View our research topics below:

Contact lens related infection: epidemiology, microbiology and microbial pathogenesis, resistance to antimicrobials:

Associate Professor Nicole Carnt

Professor Lisa Keay

• Dr Jerome Ozkan

Scientia Professor Fiona Stapleton

Dr Ajay Vijay

Professor Mark Willcox

Dr Muhammad Yasir

• Dr Rajesh Kuppusamy  

Dr Parthasarathi Kalaiselvan

Dry eye: contact lens wear, innervation and symptoms, sex hormones:

Associate Professor Blanka Golebiowski

Professor Isabelle Jalbert

Associate Professor Maria Markoulli

Dr Simin Masoudi

Environmental effects on the ocular surface: climate, bushfire smoke, digital devices, smartphones: 

Myopia control incl. orthokeratology:.

• Dr Pauline Kang
• Dr Vinod Maseedupally  
• Emeritus Professor Helen Swarbrick

Dr Kathleen Watt

Ocular surface disease: allergy, biomarkers, diabetes, keratoconus, obesity and nutrition:

Associate Professor Michele Madigan

Ocular therapeutics and drug delivery:

  Dr Jackie Tan-Showyin

  Professor Mark Willcox

Dr Rajesh Kuppusamy

Tear film biochemistry, ocular homeostasis and pathology 

Blue light blocking lenses, effects on visual and non-visual systems:.

Associate Professor Sieu Khuu

Emeritus Professor Stephen Dain

Dr Maitreyee Roy  

Functionalised nanoparticles as contrast agents for bio-imaging:

  Dr Maitreyee Roy

Optical coherence microscopy for ultrahigh-resolution 3D imaging:

Dr Maitreyee Roy

Professor Mark  Willcox

Binocular Vision

Development and maturation of the visual system, amblyopia, colour vision, digital devices (smartphones and computers), eye strain and dry eye:, low vision, visual rehabilitation, accident prevention – multisensory experience of self-motion.

Associate Professor Juno Kim  

Surface and Material Perception:

  Associate Professor Juno Kim

Visual electrophysiology, visual psychophysics, detection of brain abnormalities:

Visual processing:, access to eye care by asylum seeker and refugee communities in australia:.

Dr Kathleen  Watt

Ageing and road safety:

  Professor Lisa Keay

Dr Sharon Oberstein

Cost-effectiveness of cataract surgery:

Dr Jessie Huang-Lung

Cost-effectiveness of low vision services:

Epidemiology of eye injuries:, falls risk and low vision:, innovative models of eyecare delivery:.

  Professor Isabelle Jalbert

Mental health and low vision:

Quality of eye care, evidence-based practice, health systems research:, school vision screening:, use of alternative and complementary medicines:, barriers and enablers influencing eye care for older people receiving home care and residential aged care services:.

  Dr Sheela Kumaran

Quality of life item banks for age-related macular degeneration:

Professor Konrad Pseudovs

Macular disease social impact study;

Dr Sheela Kumaran

Quality of life impacts of non-strabismic, binocular vision, accommodation, and visual tracking disorders in children:

Amblyopia and strabismus-specific quality of life item banks for adults;, keratoconus-specific quality of life item banks:, ocular surface disease-specific quality of life item banks:, keratitis-specific quality of life item banks:.

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Towards Secure and Safe AI-enabled Systems Through Optimizations

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into critical systems across various sectors, including public surveillance, autonomous driving, and malware detection. Despite their impressive performance and promise, the security and safety of AI-enabled systems remain significant concerns. Like conventional systems that have software bugs or vulnerabilities, applications leveraging AI are also susceptible to such issues. Malicious behaviors can be intentionally injected into AI models by adversaries, creating a backdoor. These models operate normally with benign inputs but consistently misclassify samples containing an attacker-inserted trigger, known as a backdoor attack .

However, backdoors can not only be injected by an attacker but may also naturally exist in normally trained models. One can find backdoor triggers in benign models that cause any inputs with the trigger to be misclassified, a phenomenon termed natural backdoors . Regardless of whether they are injected or natural, backdoors can take various forms, which increases the difficulty of identifying such vulnerabilities. This challenge is exacerbated when access to AI models is limited.

This dissertation introduces an optimization-based technique that reverse-engineers trigger patterns exploited by backdoors, whether injected or natural. It formulates how backdoor triggers modify inputs down to the pixel level to approximate their potential forms. The intended changes in output predictions guide the reverse-engineering process, which involves computing the input gradient or sampling possible perturbations when model access is limited. Although various types of backdoors exist, this dissertation demonstrates that they can be effectively clustered into two categories based on their methods of input manipulation. The development of practical reverse-engineering approaches is based on this fundamental classification, leading to the successful identification of backdoor vulnerabilities in AI models.

To alleviate such security threats, this dissertation introduces a novel hardening technique that enhances the robustness of models against adversary exploitation. It sheds light on the existence of backdoors, which can often be attributed to the small distance between two classes. Based on this analysis, a class distance hardening method is proposed to proactively enlarge the distance between every pair of classes in a model. This method is effective in eliminating both injected and natural backdoors in a variety of forms.

This dissertation aims to highlight both existing and newly identified security and safety challenges in AI systems. It introduces novel formulations of backdoor trigger patterns and provides a fundamental understanding of backdoor vulnerabilities, paving the way for the development of safer and more secure AI systems.

Degree Type

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Computer Science

Campus location

• West Lafayette

Advisor/Supervisor/Committee Chair

Additional committee member 2, additional committee member 3, additional committee member 4, usage metrics.

• Software and application security
• Adversarial machine learning